Examination topics for postgraduates students of biological department

1. Biology as a scince.
2. Charls Darwin.
3. Outstanding personality.
4. My study at Dagestan St. University.
5. The world we live in.
6. What is difference between plants and animals?
7. Germ theory.
8. Cells.
9. Clonning.
10. The Biosphere

The atom.

Before you read 

Discuss these questions with your partner. 

In chemistry and physics, what is an atom? 

What is smaller than an atom? 

What happens if you split an atom? 

THE ATOM

       The ancient Greeks coined the term atomos, meaning the smallest possible separation of matter. In ancient times, both the Greeks and Indians had philosophised about the existence of the atom but, as mentioned in unit 6, it was first hypothesised scientifically by the British chemist John Dalton (1766-1844) in the early years of the 19th century, when he suggested it was the smallest particle that could exist. Since then, smaller subatomic particles have been discovered and the part they play as the basic building blocks of the universe is clear. We now know that atoms are made up of differing numbers of electrons, neutrons and protons, and these too are made up of even smaller particles.

        Dalton's theory about atoms was not immediately accepted by chemists, though one reason for this was Dalton's well-known carelessness in experimental procedures. However, we know now that Dalton was correct in almost everything he said in his theory of the atom. He described an atom, even though he had never seen one, as a particle that cannot change its nature. It could, he observed, combine with the atoms of other chemical elements to create a compound. Almost a century later the first subatomic particles were discovered. By the 1930s, physicists were working 35 Macmillan Guide to Science Unit 10 with new ideas which allowed them to investigate the parts of the atom in great detail. In turn, these developments helped them to develop quantum mechanics - the basis of both modern chemistry and physics. 

        In chemistry, the atom is the smallest part of an element that can still be recognised. An example will explain best of all. Each element is identified by the number of protons it has. An atom of carbon has six protons. Those six protons without the neutrons and electrons, or the electrons without the other subatomic particles are simply subatomic particles; they are not carbon. A carbon atom can be combined with two atoms of oxygen to give the compound carbon dioxide, or C02. It is this difference in the number of subatomic particles that makes one atom different from another.

         Subatomic particles also have another purpose. If there is the same number of electrons and protons in the atom, then the atom will be electronically neutral. A difference between the two means the atom has an electrical charge, in other words, it produces electricity. This electricity means the electrons can become attracted to each other. In this way, atoms can bond together to form molecules, and when enough molecules are joined together we have matter that we can see. 

        The most recent theories of the origins of the universe say that all the atoms in the universe were formed in the first few minutes of the universe coming into existence. The most common element is the simplest, hydrogen, which has the atomic number 1. Seventy-five per cent of all atoms are hydrogen atoms. The next most simple is the next most common, helium, atomic number 2 making twenty-four per cent of all atoms. All the other atoms add up to just one per cent of everything that exists in the universe.

Read the text and choose the 

correct answer. 

1 Dalton believed the atom to be 

A an element. 

В made of smaller particles. 

С the smallest possible particle. 

D his own idea. 

2 Dalton's theories were 

A generally accepted. 

В not tested very carefully. 

С accepted at once. 

D not correct. 

3 The number of protons in an element 

A is the same as the number of electrons. 

В is always six. 

С never changes. 

D characterises the element. 

4 Electrons help 

A protons to form elements. 

В atoms to be neutral. 

С molecules to become atoms. 

D atoms to form molecules. 

5 Hydrogen is 

A the simplest atom there is. 

В present in all atoms. 

С the oldest atom. 

D as common as helium. 

  

 

Happy halloween in the biological faculty

Язык невозможно изучать в отрыве от традиций и культуры его носителей. Поэтому обойти стороной такой колоритный праздник как Халловин было бы просто грубейшей оплошностью. Члены кружка английского языка биологического факультета “What, where and when” подготовили красочное выступление. 

Студенты воплотились в образы ярких представителей англоязычной “нечистой силы”: в вампиров, русалок, ходячих скелетов. Не остались забытыми и мифологические персонажи славян: Кощей Бессмертный, кикимора, оборотни и прочие. Выступления сопровождались яркими презентациями и видеороликами. Зрители участвовали в традиционном английском гадании “Три блюдечка”.

 

Вторая часть мероприятия была посвящена сложностям диагностирования зомби. Участники и зрители просмотрели видеоурок Happy Halloween: Diagnosing a zombie. Урок был разработан на платформе TED-ED, одном из инструментов Web 2.0. На интерактивной доске студенты выбирали  ответы и проверяли их правильность.

 

Праздник удался. Зрители и участники были довольны. Руководитель кружка Рабаданова Саният Меджидовна в заключительном слове отметила, что такого рода мероприятия призваны расширить кругозор и мотивируют изучение языка. 

For the post-graduate students.

What is Cloning?

Clones are organisms that are exact genetic copies. Every single bit of their DNA is identical.

Clones can happen naturally—identical twins are just one of many examples. Or they can be made in the lab. Below, find out how natural identical twins are similar to and different from clones made through modern cloning technologies.

Follow the link and read the text and answer for the followig questions:

 http://learn.genetics.cloning/

1. How Is Cloning Done?

2. How does SCNT differ from the natural way of making an embryo?

3. Is cloning an organism the same as cloning a gene?

Home work for the post-graduate students

Read, translate the text and answer the questions. Page 12

Home work for the undergraduate students

What is science?

The word "science" probably brings to mind many different pictures: a fat textbook, white lab coats and microscopes, an astronomer peering through a telescope, a naturalist in the rainforest,  Einstein's equations scribbled on a chalkboard, the launch of the space shuttle, bubbling beakers …. All of those images reflect some aspect of science, but none of them provides a full picture because science has so many facets:                                   These images all show an aspect of science, but a complete view of science is                        more than any particular instance. Science is both a body of knowledge and a process. In school, science may sometimes seem like a collection of isolated and staticfacts listed in a textbook, but that's only a small  part of the story. Just as importantly, science is also a process of discovery that allows us  to link isolated facts into coherent and comprehensive understandings of the natural world. Science is exciting. Science is a way of discovering what's in the universe and how those  things work today, how they worked in the past, and how they are likely to work in the  future. Scientists are motivated by the thrill of seeing or figuring out something that no  one has before. Science is useful. The knowledge generated by science is powerful and reliable.  It can be used to develop new technologies, treat diseases, and deal with many other sorts  of problems. Science is ongoing. Science is continually refining and expanding our knowledge of the  universe, and as it does, it leads to new questions for future investigation. Science will  never be "finished." Science is a global human endeavor. People all over the world participate in the process  of science. And you can too! This section describes what makes science science. You can investigate: Discovery: The spark for science A science checklist Science has limits Or just click the "Next" button to dive right in!

Home work for the second year students

Read and translate this text "Outstanding people of Greate Britany" page 42.

Here you can find some editional information about Outstanding people of Greate Britany
www.biographyonline.net

Parts of a Plant and its Functions. For the first year students.

Plants are the important part of our environment because they produce oxygen which is the life line for us. Biology is the section of science in which we study about plants and animals. Here in this video you will learn about the parts of plant like leaves, stem etc. And also learn about their function as what is the function of leaves? What is the function of stem etc.Enjoy learning biology, one of the important Section of Science.                                                                                                  

Helpful terms

Helpful terms

Herbaceous: 
Plants with stems that are usually soft and bendable. Herbaceous stems die back to the ground every year.

Woody: 
Plants with stems, such as tree trunks, that are hard and do not bend easily. Woody stems usually don't die back to the ground each year.

Photosynthesis:
A process by which a plant produces its food using energy from sunlight, carbon dioxide from the air, and water and nutrients from the soil.

Pollination: 
The movement of pollen from one plant to another. Pollination is necessary for seeds to form in flowering plants.

What's the difference between a fruit and a vegetable? 

A fruit is what a flower becomes after it is pollinated. The seeds for the plant are inside the fruit.

Vegetables are other plant parts. Carrots are roots. Asparagus stalks are stems. Lettuce is leaves.

Foods we often call vegetables when cooking are really fruits because they contain seeds inside.

For the first-year students.

Plant Parts

What Do Different Plant Parts Do?

Plant parts do different things for the plant.

Roots

Roots act like straws absorbing water and minerals from the soil. Tiny root hairs stick out of the root, helping in the absorption. Roots help to anchor the plant in the soil so it does not fall over. Roots also store extra food for future use.

Stems

Stems do many things. They support the plant. They act like the plant's plumbing system, conducting water and nutrients from the roots and food in the form of glucose from the leaves to other plant parts. Stems can be herbaceous like the bendable stem of a daisy or woody like the trunk of an oak tree.

A celery stalk, the part of celery that we eat, is a special part of the leaf structure called apetiole. A petiole is a small stalk attaching the leaf blade of a plant to the stem.	In celery, the petiole serves many of the same functions as a stem. It's easy to see the "pipes" that conduct water and nutrients in a stalk of celery.	Here the "pipes" are dyed red so you can easily see them.

Leaves

Most plants' food is made in their leaves. Leaves are designed to capture sunlight which the plant uses to make food through a process called photosynthesis.

Flowers

Flowers are the reproductive part of most plants. Flowers contain pollen and tiny eggs called ovules. After pollination of the flower and fertilization of the ovule, the ovule develops into a fruit.

Fruit

Fruit provides a covering for seeds. Fruit can be fleshy like an apple or hard like a nut.

Seeds

Seeds contain new plants. Seeds form in fruit.

Charles Darwin, widely considered as one of the greatest and most revolutionizing scientists in history, was the British naturalist who formulated the theory of evolution.

Charles Darwin

Charles Robert Darwin was born on February 12, 1809 in Shrewsbury, England. He was the fifth child and second son of Robert Waring Darwin and Susannah Wedgwood. Darwin was the British naturalist who became famous for his theories of evolution and natural selection. Like several scientists before him, Darwin believed all the life on earth evolved (developed gradually) over millions of years from a few common ancestors.

From 1831 to 1836 Darwin served as naturalist aboard the H.M.S. Beagle on a British science expedition around the world. In South America Darwin found fossils of extinct animals that were similar to modern species. On the Galapagos Islands in the Pacific Ocean he noticed many variations among plants and animals of the same general type as those in South America. The expedition visited places around the world, and Darwin studied plants and animals everywhere he went, collecting specimens for further study.

Upon his return to London Darwin conducted thorough research of his notes and specimens. Out of this study grew several related theories: one, evolution did occur; two, evolutionary change was gradual, requiring thousands to millions of years; three, the primary mechanism for evolution was a process called natural selection; and four, the millions of species alive today arose from a single original life form through a branching process called "specialization."

Darwin's theory of evolutionary selection holds that variation within species occurs randomly and that the survival or extinction of each organism is determined by that organism's ability to adapt to its environment. He set these theories forth in his book called, "On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life" (1859) or "The Origin of Species" for short. After publication of Origin of Species, Darwin continued to write on botany, geology, and zoology until his death in 1882. He is buried in Westminster Abbey.

Darwin's work had a tremendous impact on religious thought. Many people strongly opposed the idea of evolution because it conflicted with their religious convictions. Darwin avoided talking about the theological and sociological aspects of his work, but other writers used his theories to support their own theories about society. Darwin was a reserved, thorough, hard working scholar who concerned himself with the feelings and emotions not only of his family, but friends and peers as well.

It has been supposed that Darwin renounced evolution on his deathbed. Shortly after his death, temperance campaigner and evangelist Lady Elizabeth Hope claimed she visited Darwin at his deathbed, and witnessed the renunciation. Her story was printed in a Boston newspaper and subsequently spread. Lady Hope's story was refuted by Darwin's daughter Henrietta who stated, "I was present at his deathbed ... He never recanted any of his scientific views, either then or earlier."

Home work for the second year students

Retelling of the text Louis Pasteyr. special text 3 page 15-18 ex. 1-2  p. -18

Home task for the 2 year students

10 questions to the text.
Ex. №3 p 19.
Retelling of the text Lister, the founder of antiseptic surgery;.

Joseph Lister and antiseptic surgery.

Joseph Lister and antiseptic surgery

Joseph Lister was a Scottish surgeon who picked up the work of Louis Pasteur and used it to change the success rates of surgery. In 1865 Lister read about Pasteur's work on how wine went bad because of microorganisms in the air. Lister was convinced that microorganisms in the air were also the cause of the infections which killed up to half of his patients after they had successfully survived surgery. The open wounds made it easy for the germs to get into the body.

Lister had heard that carbolic acid had been used to get rid of a cattle parasite in fields, and to treat sewage. He decided to see if it could also stop wounds becoming infected. He started to clean the wounds of his patients with carbolic acid, and soak the dressings in antiseptic liquid as well. In the years from 1864-66 the death rate for Lister's surgical patients was 45.7%. Between 1867-70, when he introduced his new antiseptic treatment, this fell to 15%

Lister in theatre

Lister went on to develop an antiseptic spray which was used in operating theatres during surgery to keep the wound clean. This spray was not used for long though, because carbolic acid actually damages the tissues and breathing it in causes many problems. More successful was the special dressings he developed which contained carbolic acid to keep the wound clean but a barrier to keep it away from the flesh so it didn't cause any damage.

Lister's work revolutionised surgery once his aseptic techniques were accepted. Although the antiseptics and disinfectants used have changed, aseptic surgery is still the basis of saving millions of lives.

Tasks for the 2d year post-graduate students

Read and translate 

THE LEGEND OF ST. VALENTINE

Every year, the fourteenth day of the month of February has millions across the world presenting their loved ones with candy, flowers, chocolates and other lovely gifts, all in the name of St. Valentine. In many countries, restaurants and eateries are seen to be filled with couples who are eager to celebrate their relationship and the joy of their togetherness through delicious cuisines.  But who is this mysterious saint, and where did these traditions come from? Find out about the history of this centuries-old holiday, from ancient Roman rituals to the customs of Victorian England.

THE LEGEND OF ST. VALENTINE
The history of Valentine’s Day–and the story of its patron saint–is shrouded in mystery. We do know that February has long been celebrated as a month of romance, and that St. Valentine’s Day, as we know it today, contains vestiges of both Christian and ancient Roman tradition. But who was Saint Valentine, and how did he become associated with this ancient rite?

Did You Know?
Approximately 150 million Valentine's Day cards are exchanged annually, making Valentine's Day the second most popular card-sending holiday after Christmas.
The Catholic Church recognizes at least three different saints named Valentine or Valentinus, all of whom were martyred. One legend contends that Valentine was a priest who served during the third century in Rome. When Emperor Claudius II decided that single men made better soldiers than those with wives and families, he outlawed marriage for young men. Valentine, realizing the injustice of the decree, defied Claudius and continued to perform marriages for young lovers in secret. When Valentine’s actions were discovered, Claudius ordered that he be put to death.
Other stories suggest that Valentine may have been killed for attempting to help Christians escape harsh Roman prisons, where they were often beaten and tortured. According to one legend, an imprisoned Valentine actually sent the first “valentine” greeting himself after he fell in love with a young girl–possibly his jailor’s daughter–who visited him during his confinement. Before his death, it is alleged that he wrote her a letter signed “From your Valentine,” an expression that is still in use today. Although the truth behind the Valentine legends is murky, the stories all emphasize his appeal as a sympathetic, heroic and–most importantly–romantic figure. By the Middle Ages, perhaps thanks to this reputation, Valentine would become one of the most popular saints in England and France.

VALENTINE’S DAY: A DAY OF ROMANCE
Lupercalia survived the initial rise of Christianity and but was outlawed—as it was deemed “un-Christian”–at the end of the 5th century, when Pope Gelasius declared February 14 St. Valentine’s Day. It was not until much later, however, that the day became definitively associated with love. During the Middle Ages, it was commonly believed in France and England that February 14 was the beginning of birds’ mating season, which added to the idea that the middle of Valentine’s Day should be a day for romance.
Valentine greetings were popular as far back as the Middle Ages, though written Valentine’s didn’t begin to appear until after 1400. The oldest known valentine still in existence today was a poem written in 1415 by Charles, Duke of Orleans, to his wife while he was imprisoned in the Tower of London following his capture at the Battle of Agincourt. (The greeting is now part of the manuscript collection of the British Library in London, England.) Several years later, it is believed that King Henry V hired a writer named John Lydgate to compose a valentine note to Catherine of Valois.

TYPICAL VALENTINE’S DAY GREETINGS
In addition to the United States, Valentine’s Day is celebrated in Canada, Mexico, the United Kingdom, France and Australia. In Great Britain, Valentine’s Day began to be popularly celebrated around the 17th century. By the middle of the 18th, it was common for friends and lovers of all social classes to exchange small tokens of affection or handwritten notes, and by 1900 printed cards began to replace written letters due to improvements in printing technology. Ready-made cards were an easy way for people to express their emotions in a time when direct expression of one’s feelings was discouraged. Cheaper postage rates also contributed to an increase in the popularity of sending Valentine’s Day greetings.

Home task for the 2d year students

Ex. 3  p.-15-16
ex. 1-3  p.18-19
Past Indefinite- учить 

Tasks for the 2d year post-graduate students

                                        Topic for exam
1. My research work (presenting)
2. Russian culture and Culturel Life of Great Britain.
3. Global problems of modern society.
4. Planning a career in scince.
5. Describing an experement.
6. New technologies in scince